English for Academic Purposes: Materials
Academic Writing
1 Research and using the library
1.0 Introduction
1.0.0 Introduction
1.0.1 Doing research
1.1 Finding relevant information
1.1.1 Using catalogues
1.2 Using sources
1.2.1 Making notes and writing up notes
1.2.2 Paraphrasing
1.2.3 Summarising
1.2.4 Synthesising
1.2.5 Quoting directly
2 Writing descriptions of places, objects etc.
2.0 Writing descriptions:Introduction
2.2 Describing location and direction
2.4 Classifying / categorising
2.5 Giving examples
3 Describing processes and developments
3.1 Expressing purpose, means and method
3.2 Expressing degrees of certainty
3.3 Expressing reasons and explanations / cause and effect
3.4 Describing developments and changes
4 Writing critically: Developing an argument
4.0 Writing critically: Introduction
4.1 Presenting arguments, ideas and opinions
4.2 Expressing certainty and doubt
4.3 Supporting an argument: illustrating and exemplifying ideas
4.4 Refuting arguments, ideas and opinions
5 Writing academic genres
5.0 Writing academic genres: Introduction
5.1 The format and layout of the research report
5.2 Describing aims and objectives
5.3 Describing procedures and methods
5.4 Presenting and discussing results
5.5 Describing graphs and charts
5.7 Writing the literature review
5.8 Writing the introduction and abstract
6 Writing skills
6.0 Writing skills: Introduction
6.1 Organisation: presentation and layout
6.2 Spelling and punctuation
6.2.1 Punctuation
6.2.2 Spelling
6.3 Including graphs, charts and tables
6.5 Writing introductions and conclusions
6.5.1 Writing introductions
6.5.2 Writing conclusions
7 Answering assignment and exam questions
7.0 Answering questions: Introduction
7.1 Understanding the question
7.3 The answer
Materials
1. Research and using the library
1.0 Introduction
1.0.0 Introduction
Bell ( 1999, pp. 64-89)
Berry (1994, chap. 1)
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap, 7)
Creme & Lea (1997, chap. 5)
Clanchy & Ballard (1992, chap. 3)
Courtney & Du (2015, chap. 5)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 135-154)
Drew & Bingham (1997, chaps. 5 & 16)
Good & Jensen (1995, chap. 8)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, ch. 4)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter(1984)
Harris (2011, chap. 2)
Heaton & Dunmore (1992, chap. 4)
Menasche (1997, chap. 2)
O’Brien & Jordan (1985, chap. 3)
Oshima & Hogue (1992, chap. 10)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 5-11, 28-34)
Pirie (1985, chap. 3)
Raimes (1999, part 2)
Reid (1994, chap. 9)
Romanoff (1991, pp. 11-18)
Rosenthal & Rowland (1986, chaps. 1, 2 & 3)
Smith & Smith (1988, chap. 3)
Wallace (2004, ch. 3)
Waters & Waters (1995, chap. 4)
Williams, R (1982., app. B)
Yorkey (1982, chap. 8)
1.0.1 Doing research
Bell (1999, pp. 99-169)
Cottrell (199, chap. 6)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 135-154)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 40-43)
Harris (2011, chap. 1)
Thomas (2011)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 5-10)
Zobel (2004, pp. 157-204)
1.1. Finding relevant information
1.1.1. Using catalogues
Bailey (2011a, pp. 14-18)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 13-16)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, ch. 4)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, chap. 2)
Harman & Freeman (1972, pp. 73-77)
Menasche (1997, pp. 11-13)
O’Brien & Jordan (1985)
Reid (1994, chap. 9)
Smith & Smith (1988, chap. 3)
Wallace (1980, pp. 114-130)1.1.2. Using books and periodicals
Bailey (2011a, pp. 11-14)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 13-16)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, chap. 4)
Menasche (1997, chap. 5)
O’Brien & Jordan (1985, chap. 2 & 3.6)
Reid (1994, chap. 9)
Reid (2000, pp. 101-116, chap. 8)
Waters & Waters (1995, pp. 41-54)1.1.3. Using bibliographies and indexes
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1987, chap. 4)
Menasche (1997, pp. 14-18)
O’Brien & Jordan (1985)
Wallace (2004, pp. 61-71)
1.2. Using sources
1.2.1 Making notes and writing up notes
Adkins & McKean (1985)
Bailey (2006, pp. 21-28)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 43-49)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 37-43)
Berry (1994, chap. 1)
Campbell (1983, chaps. 4, 6 & 7)
Clanchy & Ballard (1992, chap. 4)
Collinson (1982, chap. 7)
Cottrell (1999, 115-121)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 3-6, 34-43)
Drew & Bingham (chap. 4)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, ch. 5)
Godfrey (2009, 18-22)
Godfrey (2010, pp. 85-104)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, pp. 118-126)
Harman & Freeman (1972., chap. 4)
Harris (2011, chap. 3)
Heaton & Dunmore (1992, chap. 5, pp. 106-108)
Hopkins (1989, chap. 8)
Johnson (1981)
Lewis (1983, chap. 5)
McArthur (1984b, pp. 31-33, 47-49, 127-128)
Menasche (1997, chap. 10)
Open University (1979, chap. 4)
Romanoff (1991, chap. 5)
Smith & Smith (1988, chap. 5)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 2)
Turner (2002, pp. 54-62)
Wallace (1980, chap. 3, pp. 98-113)
Wallace (2004, ch. 2)
Waters & Waters (1995, chap. 5)
Yorkey (1982, chap. 7)1.2.2. Paraphrasing
Bailey (2006, pp. 29-31)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 33-35, 50-55)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 27-29, 44-50)
Braine & May (1996, pp. 128-131)
Courtney & Du (2015, p. 43)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 6-14)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 190-193)
Godfrey (2009, pp. 31-39)
Godfrey (2011, p. 36-43)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, chap. 1)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 145-146)
Harris (2011, chap. 5)
Jolly (1984, pp. 148-)
Leki (1998, chap. 10)
Jordan (1999, chap. 15)
McArthur (1984b, pp. 21-23, 68)
Northedge (1990, p. 150)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, pp. 133-136)
Reid (2000, pp. 190-193)
Seal (1997, p. 12)
Swan (1976, pp. 42)
Swan (1975, pp. 63)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 2)
White & McGovern (1994, chap. 6)1.2.3. Summarising
Bailey (2006, pp. 32-38)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 33-35, 56-61)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 27-29, 51-57)
Braine & May (1996, pp. 123-128)
Courtney & Du (2015, p. 44)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 21-33)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 185-189)
Godfrey (2009, pp. 40-46)
Godfrey (2011, p. 36-43)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, chap. 1)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 146-147)
Harris (2011, chap. 5)
Jordan (1999, chap. 15)
Leki (1998, chap. 10)
McArthur (1944b, pp. 21-23, 31-33)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 17-22)
Methold & Blatchford (1983)
Meyers (2005, chap. 14)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, pp. 137-139)
Reid (1994, chap. 10)
Reid (2000, chap. 5)
Seal (1997, p. 13)
Smith & Smith (1988, p. 164)
Sullivan (1979, chap. 4)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 5)
Swales & Feak (2000, chap. 4.3-4.5, 5.2-5.3)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 2 & 3)
Wallace (2004, pp. 83-87)
White & McGovern (1994, chap. 6)1.2.4. Synthesising
Bailey (2006, pp. 36-38)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 67-70, 258-261)
Courtney & Du (2015, p. 116)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 193)
Godfrey (2009, pp. xi-xiii, 47-53, 66-69, 74-80)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, pp. 17-21)
Harris (2011, chap. 7)
Lewin (2010, pp. 95-105)
McArthur (1994b, pp. 31-33)
White & McGovern (1994, chap. 6)1.2.5. Quoting directly
American Psychological Association (1994, pp. 95-99)
American Psychological Association (1996)
Bailey (2006, pp. 99-102)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 62-71)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 58=66)
Braine & May (1996, pp. 131-135).
Coles (1995, pp. 85-88, 103-106)
Cottrell (1999, p. 124)
Courtney & Du (2015, p. 43-46)
Gibaldi (1995, pp. 72-83)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 180-185)
Godfrey (2009, 23-30)
Godfrey (2011, pp. 28-35)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, chaps. 1 & 3)
Harris (2011, chap. 4)
Jordan (1990, app. 9)
Jordan (1999, chap. 16)
McArthur (1984b, pp. 31-33, 43-45, 102-105, 133-137)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 5)
Northedge (1990, p. 189)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, pp. 128-137)
Reid (2000, pp. 190-193)
Smith & Smith (1988, chap. 7.2)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 8)
Swales & Feak (2000, chap. 4.3-4.5, 5-2-5.3)
Wallace (2004, pp. 83-87)
Weissberg & Buker (1990, chap. 3)
Williams, R. (1982, pp. 86-87)1.2.6. Citation: Referring to sources
American Psychological Association (1994, pp. 168-174)
American Psychological Association (1996)
Bailey (2006, pp. 99-102)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 30-35, 72-76)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 25-29, 58-66)
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap. 8)
Coles (1995, pp. 103)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, ch. 2)
Cottrell (1999, p. 125)
Courtney & Du (2015, pp. 68-74)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 116-121)
Gibaldi (1995, pp. 183-205)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 180-185)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter(1984, pp. 148-156)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 140-145)
Jordan (1990, app. 9)
Jordan (1999, chap. 16)
Leki (1998, chap. 11)
Lillis (1997, pp. 67-68)
McArthur (1984b, 105-109, 141-145)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 14-17, 35-37, 41-45)
Menasche (1997, chap. 9)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, pp. 140-144)
Raimes (1999, pp. 96-101, 136-140)
Reid (2000, pp. 87-88)
Smith & Smith (1988, chap. 7.1)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 8)
Swales & Feak (2000, chap. 4.3-4.5, 5.2-5.3)
Thurstun & Candlin (1998, chap. 3)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 3)
Wallace (1980, pp. 156-162)
Wallace (2004, pp. 85-90)
Weissberg & Buker (1990, chap.3)
Williams, R. (1982, pp. 86-87)1.2.7. Writing a list of references
American Psychological Association (1994, pp. 174-234)
American Psychological Association (1996)
Bailey (2006, pp. 101-102)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 69-70)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 64-65)
Berry (1994, chap. 2)
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap. 8)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 122-134)
Gibaldi (1995, pp. 101-182)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 194-197)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, app. A)
Jordan (1990, app. 9)
Jordan (1999, chap. 16)
Leki (1998, chap. 11)
McArthur (1984b, pp. 135-137)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 38-39)
Menasche (1997, chap.6)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, p. 144)
Raimes (1999, pp. 105-124, 142-153)
Smith & Smith (1988, chap. 7.3)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 4)
Turabian (1987)
Turner (2002, pp. 50-51)
Wallace (2004, p. 115))
Waters & Waters (1995, pp. 51-53)
Williams, R (1982, pp. 86-87)
2. Writing descriptions of places objects etc.
2.0. Introduction
Cottrell (1999, p. 174)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 114)
Good & Jensen (1995, p. 105)
Oshima & Hogue (1997, unit 3)
Smith & Smith (1988, chap. 6.2)
Zimmerman (1989, chap. 11)
2.1. Describing objects
Campbell (1983, chap. 1)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 117-119)
Glendinning & Mantell (1984, chap. 4)
Hogue (1996, unit 3)
Johnson (1981, chaps. 8 & 9)
Jolly (1984, chap. 4)
Jordan (1990, chap. 3)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 2)
Sellen (1982, chap. 3)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 25-28)
2.2. Describing location and direction
Campbell (1983, chap. 3)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (1987, chap. 1)
Hogue (1996, pp. 72-78)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 2)
Meyers (2005, chaps. 6 & 7)
Sellen (1982, chap. 2)
2.3. Writing definitions
Bailey (2006, pp. 79-81)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 126-129)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 122-125)
Campbell (1983, chap. 1)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 115-116)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (1987, chap. 3)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. chap. 4)
Johnson (1981, chap. 5)
Jordan (1990, chap. 2.2)
Leki (1998, pp. 278-281)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 62-65)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 2)
Meyers (2005, chap. 12)
Pallant (2004, pp. 43-47)
Reid (2000, pp. 49-51)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 2)
White & McGovern (1994, chap. 5)
Zimmerman (1989, chap. 5)
2.4. Classifying / categorising
Campbell (1983, chap. 1)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 127-128)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (1987, chap. 2)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, chap 2)
Johnson (1981, chap. 4)
Jordan (1990, chap. 7)
Leki (1998, pp. 273-275)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 3)
Meyers (2005, chap. 10)
Reid (2000, pp. 54-57)
Sellen (1982, chap. 5)
Zimmerman (1898, chap. 1)
2.5. Giving examples
Bailey (2006, pp. 66-88)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 130-133)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 126-129)
Campbell (1983, chap. 1)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 156-157)
Hogue (1996, unit 5)
Johnson (1981, chap. 7)
Jordan (1990, chap. 6)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 2)
Zimmerman (1989, chap. 6, 7)
2.6. Comparing and contrasting: similarities and differences
Arnold & Harmer (1978, chap. 9)
Bailey (2006, pp. 75-78)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 119-125)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 115-121)
Campbell (1983, chap. 6)
Cottrell (1999, pp. 177-179)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 150=153)
Glendinning and Mantell (1983, chap. 4)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, pp. 416-7)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (1987, chap.5)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 35-43)
Oshima & Hogue (1997, unit 9)
Johnson (1981, chap. 6)
Jordan (1990, chap. 8)
Leki (1998, pp. 281-283)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 6)
Meyers (2005, chap. 11)
Reid (1994, chap.6)
Reid (2000, pp. 51-54)
Seal (1997, p. 29)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 3)
Wallace (2004, pp. 95-98)
White & McGovern (1994, chap. 3)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 40-50)
Zimmerman (1989, chap. 2)
2.7. Reporting and narrating
Cookson (1984, pp. 27-33)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 129-132)
Good & Jensen (1995, p. 100)
Heaton & Dunmore (1992, pp. 108-110)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, chap. 6)
Hopkins (1989, chap. 13)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, pp. 414-5)
Inglis & Lewis (1979)
Jolly (1984, chap. 5)
Jordan (1990, chaps. 14 & 15)
Meyers (2005, chaps. 5 & 7)
Oshima & Hogue (1997, unit 2)
Pincas, Hadfield & Hadfield (1982, chaps. 9, 15, 17)
Zimmerman (1989, chap. 8, 10)
3. Describing processes and developments
3.1. Expressing purpose means and method
Campbell (1983. chap. 5)
Cooper (1979, pp. 40-51)
Johnson (1981, chap. 11)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 1)
Pincas, Hadfield & Hadfield (1982, chap. 14)
Sellen (1982, chap. 8)
3.2. Expressing degrees of certainty
Arnold & Harmer (1978, chap. 10)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 188-191)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 181-184)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 144)
Johnson (1981, chap. 12)
Jordan (1990, chap. 10)
Zimmerman (1989, chap. 4, 12)
3.3. Expressing reasons and explanations / cause and effect
Arnold & Harmer (1978, chap. 8)
Bailey (2006, pp. 70-72)
Bailey (2011a, pp.109-114)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 104-109)
Cooper (1979, pp. 40-51)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 138-141)
Glendinning & Mantell (1983, chap. 6)
Godfrey (2009, pp. 70-73)
Good & Jensen (1995, p. 88)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (1987, chap. 9)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, pp. 415)
Johnson (1981, chap. 13)
Jolly (1984, chap. 1)
Jordan (1990, chap. 9)
Leki (1998, pp. 275-278)
Meyers (2005, chap. 9)
Pallant (2004, pp. 52-59, 60-63)
Reid (2000, pp. 57-61)
Sellen (1982, chap. 7)
Wallace (2004, pp. 99-101)
White & McGovern (1994, chap. 2)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 50-55
Zimmerman (1989, chap. 3)
3.4. Describing developments and changes
Campbell (1983, chap. 5)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 73-74)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 120-123)
Glendinning and Mantell (1983, chap. 5)
Good & Jensen (1995, p. 77)
Hopkins (1989, chap. 12)
Pincas, Hadfield & Hadfield (1982, chap. 14)
Meyers (2005, chap. 8)
Seal (1997, p 120)
Sellen (1982, chap. 9)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 3)
Wallace (2004, pp. 92-94)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 29-32)
3.5. Describing a sequence of events / time relations
Adkins & McKean (1985, pp. 40 & 63)
Campbell (1983, chap. 4)
Cooper (1979, pp. 1-15)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 120-123)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, chap. 7)
Hogue (1995, pp 102-117)
Johnson (1981, chap. 14)
Jordan (1990, chap. 2)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 4)
Meyers (2005, chap. 8)
Reid (2000, pp. 47-49)
Sellen (1982, chap. 6)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 3)
3.6. Writing instructions
Campbell (1983, chap. 2)
Cooper (1979, pp. 1 -15)
Hogue (1996, unit 2)
Hopkins (1989, chap. 9)
Jolly (1984, chap. 13)
Sellen (1982, chap. 1)
Zimmerman (1989, chap. 8)
4. Writing critically: Developing an argument
4.0. Introduction
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap, 10)
Cookson (1984, chap. 4)
Cottrell (1999, pp. 175-178)
Courtney & Du (2015, p. 89-124)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 136)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, chap. 8)
Howe (1983, pp. 15-17)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chap. 4)
Jolly (1984, chap. 7)
Johnson (1981, part 3)
Jordan (1990, chap. 12)
Northedge (1990, chap. 6.5)
Pirie (1985, chaps. 3 & 4)
Reid (2000, chap. 6)
Smith & Smith (1988, chap. 6.3)
White & McGovern (1994, chap. 2)
4.1. Presenting arguments ideas and opinions
Arnold & Harmer (1978, chap. 1)
Bailey (2006, pp. 67-69, 199-200)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 101-108, 134-138)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 97-103, 130-135)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 77-92)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 142-144)
Glendinning & Mantell (1983, chap. 7)
Godfrey (2011, pp. 55-74)
Hogue (1995, unit 6)
Kwan-Terry (1988, chap. 4)
Meyers (2005, chap. 13)
Moor (1984, chaps. 4 & 5)
Raimes (1999, pp. 174-179)
Reid (1994, chap. 5)
Wallace (2004, pp. 101-102)
White & McGovern (1994, chap. 2)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 33-39)
4.2. Expressing certainty and doubt
Arnold & Harmer (1978, chap. 10)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. p. 93)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 142-144)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. chap. 5)
Johnson (1981, chaps. 16 & 17)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 9)
Thurstun & Candlin (1998, chap. 5)
Zimmerman (1989, chap. 4)
4.3. Supporting an argument: illustrating and exemplifying ideas
Argent & Alexander (2013, chap. 8)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 145-149)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 142-146)
Cooper (1979, pp. 52-53)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 77-97)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 1542-154)
Glendinning and Mantell (1983, chap. 7)
Godfrey (2011, pp. 55-74)
Hogue (1995, pp 138-147)
Johnson (1981, chap. 17)
Kwan-Terry (1988, chap. 5.1)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 8)
Oshima & Hogue (1997, unit 8)
Pallant (2004, pp. 47-51)
Pincas, Hadfield & Hadfield (1982, chaps. 3 & 7)
4.4. Refuting arguments, ideas & opinions
Bailey (2011a, p. 106)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 101)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 211-212)
Glendinning and Mantell (1983, chap. 7)
Kwan-Terry (1988, chaps. 5.2 & 5.5)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 8)
4.5. Offering evaluative comments on opinions and arguments
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 211-212)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 43-43)
Kwan-Terry (1988, chaps. 5.3 & 5.4)
Pincas, Hadfield & Hadfield (1982, chap. 16)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 6)
4.6. Finding your voice
Argent & Alexander (2013, pp. 196-207)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, chap. 11)
Ridley (2012, chap. 9)
4.7. Drawing conclusions
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 158-159)
Glendinning and Mantel (1983l, chap. 8)
Johnson (1981, chap. 19)
Jordan (1990, chap. 13)
Pincas, Hadfield & Hadfield (1982, chap. 12)
5. Writing academic genres
5.0. Introduction
Bailey (2011a, pp. 4-6, 249-281)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 4-6, 243-269)
Barrass (1978)
Bell (1999, ch. 13)
Coles (1995, 55-63)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 7-36)
Cooper (1964)
Dudley-Evans (1985, chap. 1)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 217)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chap. 12)
Inglis & Lewis (1979)
Jordan (1990, chaps. 14 & 15)
Open University (2008)
Rames (1999, chap. 24)
Weissberg & Buker (1990, chap. 1)
5.1. The format and layout of the project/report/dissertation
Bailey (2011a, pp. 257-266)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 252-257)
Barrass (1978, chap. 12)
Bell (1999, pp. 200-206)
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap. 4)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 127-130 )
Day (1989, chap. 3)
Cooper (1964, chap. 3)
Dudley-Evans (1985, chap. 1)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 218-219)
Glendinning & Howard (2007, pp. 122-123)
Godfrey (2011, pp. 75-95)
Gregory (2005, pp. 96-110)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 30-31, 134-140)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chap. 12, 13, 14, 15)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 23-39)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 10)
Thomas (2011)
Weissberg & Buker (1990, chap. 1)
5.2. Describing aims and objectives
Bitchener (1010, chap. 3)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 31-33)
Dudley-Evans (1985, chap. 2)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 7)
Weissberg & Buker (1990, chaps. 2, 3 & 4)
5.3. Describing procedures and methods
Bitchener (2010, chap. 5)
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap. 2)
Day (1989, chap. 8)
Dudley-Evans (1985, chap. 3)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 98-103)
Lewin (2010, chap. 9)
Paltridge & Starfield ( 2007, chap. 8)
Swales (1971, chaps. 8 & 9)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 7)
Weissberg & Buker (1990, chap. 5 & 6)
5.4. Presenting and discussing results
Bitchener (2010, chap. 6 & 7)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 69-94)
Day (1989, chap. 9)
Dudley-Evans (1985, chaps 4, 5 & 6)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 111-118)
Lewin (2010, chap. 10, 11)
Naoum (1998, chap. 9)
Paltridge & Starfield ( 2007, chap. 4)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 9 & 10)
Weissberg & Buker (1990, chaps. 7 & 8)
5.5. Describing graphs and charts
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap, 9)
Dudley-Evans (1985, chaps. 7 & 8)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 124-126)
Glendinning & Howard (2007, pp. 118-121)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, pp. 156-166)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 82-88)
Jordan (1990, chap. 11)
MacKenzie (2006, pp. 82-83)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 66-75)
Northedge (1990, chap. 4)
Swales (1971, chap. 11)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 4)
White & McGovern (1994, chap. 4 & 7)
Williams, R (1982.)
5.6. Drawing conclusions
Bitchener (2010, chap. 8)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 95-125)
Dudley-Evans (1985, chaps. 8 & 9)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 160)
Paltridge & Starfield ( 2007, chap. 10)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 8)
Weissberg & Buker (1990, chap. 8)
5.7. Writing the literature review
Bailey (2011a, pp. 264-265)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 13-16)
Bell (1999, ch. 6)
Bitchener (2010, chap. 4)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 20-30)
Courtney & Du (2015, pp. 218-223)
Dudley-Evans (1985, chap. 10)
Feak & Swales (2009)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 225-226)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 69-74)
Hart (1998)
Lewin (2010, chap. 8)
Naoum (1998. chap. 3)
Pechenik & Lamb (1994, chap. 3)
Penrose & Katz (1989, chap. 4)
Ridley (2008)
Swales & Feak (1994, pp. 179-184)
Swales & Feak (2000, chap. 4)
Thomas (2011, npp17-21)
Weissberg & Buker (1990, chap. 3)
5.8. Writing the introduction and abstract
Bitchener (2010, chap. 2 & 3)
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap. 6)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 7-36, 117-125)
Courtney & Du (2015, pp. 217-218)
Day (1989, chap. 6 & 7)
Dudley-Evans (1985, chap. 10)
Feak & Swales (2011)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 232-233)
Glendinning & Howard (2007, pp. 124-125)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 45-48)
Lewin (2010, chap. 7, 13)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 76-79)
Paltridge & Starfield ( 2007, chap. 6 & 11)
Pechenik & Lamb (1994, chap. 3)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 8)
Swales & Feak (2009)
Thomas (2011, pp. 96-97)
Weissberg & Buker (1990, chap. 9)
5.9 Writing theses and dissertations
Bitchener (2010)
Boyle & Ramsay(2017, chap. 4)
Brown (2006)
Carter, Kelly & Brailsford (2012)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003)
Courtney & Du (2015, p. 43)
Creswell (2003); Day (1989)
Deane & Borg (2011, chap. 7)
Dunleavy (2003)
Evans (1995)
Feak & Swales (2009)
Feak & Swales (2011)
Horn (2012)
Kamler & Thomson (2006)
Lewin (2010)
Madsen (1992)
Menasche (1997)
Murphy & Beglar (2009)
Murray (2002)
Naoum (1998)
Paltridge & Starfield (2007)
Pechenik & Lamb (1994,chap. 3)
Perry (2013)
Phillips & Pugh (1987)
Ridley (2008)
Swales & Feak (2009)
Williams, Bethell, Lawton, Parfitt-Brown, Richardson & Rowe (2010)
Williams, Bethell, Lawton, Parfitt-Brown, Richardson & Rowe (2011).
5.10 Other kinds of writing
5.10.1. Posters
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap. 5)
Day (1989, chap. 25)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 248-252)
Robinson, Stoller, Constanza-Robinson, & Jones (2008, chaps. 8, 9, 10)
Swales & Feak (2000, chap. 3)5.10.2. Proposals
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chap. 16)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 223-224)
Madsen (1992, chap. 4)
Marder (1976, p. 194)
Naoum (1998, pp. 14-15, appendix 1)
Paltridge & Starfield ( 2007, chap. 4)
Penrose & Katz (1998, chap. 6)
Robinson, Stoller, Constanza-Robinson, & Jones (2008, chaps 11-15.)5.10.3. Conference abstracts
Penrose & Katz (1998, pp. 92-98)
Swales & Feak (2000, chap.2)5.10.4. CVs
Bailey (2011a, pp. 254-256)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 249-252)
Pechenik & Lamb (1994, chap. 12)
Swales & Feak (2000, chap. 8.1)
Swales & Feak (2011, pp. 85-90)5.10.5. Job applications
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chap. 10)
Swales & Feak (2000, chap. 8.3)
Swales & Feak (2011, pp. 9-100)5.10.6. Letters of recommendation
Swales & Feak (2000, chap. 8.4)
5.10.7. Critiques & Book Reviews
Arnaudet & Barrett (1984, chap. 6)
Day (1989, chap. 22)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 230-232)
Pechenik & Lamb (1994, chap. 8)
Penrose & Katz (1998, pp. 74-75)
Swales & Feak (2004, chap. 6)5.10.8. Case studies
Bailey (2011a, pp. 259-260)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 223-225)5.10.9. Writing achnowledgments
Pechenik & Lamb (1994, p. 110)
5.10.10. Writing for a non-specialist audience
Penrose & Katz (1998, chap. 7) )
5.10.11. Writing reflectively
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 163-178, 236-238)
6. Writing skills
6.0. Introduction
Barnes (1992, chap. 6)
Cottrell (1999, pp. 131-139)
Gibbs (1981, pp. 27-32)
Good & Jensen (1995, chaps. 4 & 5)
Harman & Freeman (1972, chap. 5)
Kwan-Terry (1988, chap. 2)
Lewis (1983, chap. 6)
Moor, C (1982., chap. 7)
Northedge (1990, chaps. 5 & 6)
Pallant (2004, pp. 11-16)
Reid (2000, pp. 28-29)
Rouse (1978, pp. 15-)
Rowntree (1976, chap. 4)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 1)
Waters & Waters (1995, chap. 8)
Yorkey (1982, chap. 4)
Zobel (2004, pp. 137-156)
6.1. Organisation: presentation and layout
Bailey (2006, pp. 3-6)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 36-42)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 30-36)
Berry (1994, chap. 4)
Coles (1995. pp. 77-80)
Collinson (1982, chap. 8)
Cottrell (1999, 144-160)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 44-71)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, ch. 13)
Godfrey (2011, pp. 55-74)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984. pp. 126-140)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (1987, chaps. 10, 11 & 12)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, chap. 9)
Hopkins (1989, chaps. 15 & 16)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chap. 12-18)
Jordan (1990, chap. 1)
Menasche (1997, chap. 8, 12)
Meyers (2005, pp. 38-50)
Northedge (1990, chap. 5)
Pallant (2004, pp. 23-26)
Salimbene (1982, chap. 4)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 2, 3, 4, 7, 8)
Swales & Feak (2000)
Turley (2000, chap. 2)
Wallace (1980, chap. 6)
Wallace (2004, pp. 91-93)
Waters & Waters (1995, chap. 9)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 56-70)
6.2. Spelling and punctuation
6.2.1. Punctuation
Bailey (2011a, pp. 212-216)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 205-209)
Carey (1971)
Collinson (1982, chap. 8)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 276)
Hogue (1995, pp. 11-15, 55-58, 158-162)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, appendix A)
Jordan (1990, pp. 97-98, 107-109)
McArthur (1984a. 1984b)
Meyers (2005, chap. 29 & 30)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, appendix A)
Oshima & Hogue (1997, appendix A)
Payne (1983)
Raimes (1999, part 8)
Trask (1997)
Turner (2002, pp. 137-138)6.2.2. Spelling
Barrass (1982, Appendix 1 & 2)
Collinson (1982, chap. 2)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 277)
Hogue (1995, pp. 11-15, 55-58, 158-162)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chap. 28, app. A)
Jordan (1990, pp. 95-96, 104-106)
McArthur (1984a, 1984b)
Meyers (2005, chap. 30)
Rames (1999, chap 58)
Tucker (1984)
Turner (2002, pp. 130-138).
6.3. Including graphs charts and tables
Bailey (2006, pp. 114-118)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 139-144, 158-165)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 136-141, 154-161)
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap, 9)
Coles (1995. pp. 89-99)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, p. 775)
Day (1989, chap. 13 & 14)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 124)
Glendinning & Howard (2007, pp. 118-121)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1987, pp. 156-166)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 82-88)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chaps. 8, 9 & 10)
Jordan (1990, chap. 11)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 66-75)
Northedge (1990, chap. 4)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 4)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 4)
Waters & Waters (1995, pp. 125-133)
White & McGovern (1994, chaps. 4 & 7)
Williams, R. (1982)
Zobel (2004, pp. 83-126)
6.4. Making the essay flow: Links, signposts & paragraphs
Bailey (2006, pp. 43-47, 73-74)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 9, 77-82, 115-118, 226-230)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 8-9, 71-77, 110-114, 220-224)
Caplan (2012, ch. 8)
Collinson (1982, p. 154)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 127-150, 151-164)
Cottrell (1999, pp. 157-159)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 73-76, 108-115)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 99-107)
Glendinning & Mantell (1983, chaps.1, 2 & 3)
Good & Jensen (1995, chap. 7)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 127-131)
Heaton & Dunmore (1992, p 104-5, 110-111)
Hogue (1995, pp. 3-4, 33-43, 72-74, 102-118, 204)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chaps. 22, 23, 24 & 25)
Johnson (1981, chap. 2)
Jolly (1984, chap. 7.1)
Kwan-Terry (1988, chap. 1)
Leki (1998, chap. 5)
Lewin (2010, chap. 4, 6)
Lewis (1983, chap. 7)
Lewis & Inglis (1982, chap. 6)
Lillis (1997, p. 209)
McArthur (1984a, pp. 25-28)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 5)
Meyers (2005, pp. 13-37, 51-126, 308-341)
Moor, C.,(1981 chap. 3)
Northedge (1990, chap. 6.4)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, chaps. 1-6)
Oshima & Hogue (1997, units 4 & 5)
Pallant (2004, pp. 36-39)
Reid (1994, chap. 33-8)
Reid (2000, pp. 7-12, 17-31, 80, 88-89, 116-129)
Romanoff (1991, pp. 46-48)
Rooks (1988)
Seal (1997, p. 34)
Sherman (1994, chap. 5)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 1)
Turley (2000, chap. 3)
Waters & Waters (1995, pp. 108-111)
Williams, R.,(1982 chap. 1)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 11-24, 78-87)
6.5. Writing introductions and conclusions
6.5.1. Writing introductions
Bailey (2006, pp. 52-55)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 83-88)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 78-83)
Barnes (1992, pp. 72-73)
Coles (1995, pp. 42-47)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 77-36)
Collinson (1982, p. 154)
Cookson (1984, pp. 8-12)
Creme & Lea (1997, chap. 8)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 98-107)
Heaton & Dunmore (1992, pp. 111-112)
Hogue (1995, pp. 6-7)
Johnson (1981, chap. 5)
Jordan (1999, chap. 13)
Lewis(1983, chap. 9)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 55-59)
Menasche (1997, chap. 7, 11)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, chap. 7)
Oshima & Hogue (1997, unit 6)
Pallant (2004, pp. 19-22)
Reid (2000, pp. 84-87)
Rouse (1978, p. 12)
Thurston & Candlin (1998, chaps. 1 & 4)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 3)
Turley (2000, chap. 1)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 71-74)6.5.2. Writing conclusions
Bailey (2006, pp. 56-59)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 89-90)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 83-85)
Collinson (1982, p. 154)
Cookson (1984. pp. 8-12)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 95-125)
Creme & Lea (1997, chap. 8)
Dollahite & Haun (2006, pp. 98-107)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 104)
Hogue (1995, pp. 6-7)
Johnson (1981, chap. 19)
Jordan (1999, chap. 13)
Lewis (1983 pp. 86-87)
Lewis & Inglis (1982, chap. 5)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 59-62)
McKay & Rosenthal (1980, ch 7)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, chap. 7)
Oshima & Hogue (1997, unit 6)
Pallant (2004, pp. 40-42)
Reid (2000, pp. 89-92)
Rouse (1978, p. 14)
Thurston & Candlin (1998, chap. 6)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994, chap. 3)
Turley (2000, chap. 3)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 74-77)
6.6. Academic writing style
Bailey (2006, pp. 17-20, 105-108)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 6-8, 150-157)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 6-8, 147-153)
Barnes (1992, p.p 83-86)
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap, 12)
Clanchy & Ballard (1992, pp. 75-81, 129-131)
Coles (1995, pp. 67-74)
Cooley & Lewkowicz (2003, pp. 166-167)
Collinson (1982, chap. 5)
Cottrell (1999, pp. 166-173)
Creme & Lea (1997, chap 7)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 88-96)
Godfrey (2009, pp. 81-83)
Godfrey (2011, p. 67)
Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, pp. 166-170)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (1987, pp. 90-91)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, pp. 16-23)
Heaton & Dunmore (1992, pp. 105-6)
Jordan (1990, pp. 101-103)
Jordan (1999, chap. 14)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chap. 37, app. A)
Lewis & Inglis (1982, chap. 7)
McArthur (1984b, pp. 137-140)
Moor, C. (1981, chap. 6)
Pirie (1985, chap. 5)
Raimes (1999, part 6)
Reid (1994, pp. 4-6)
Reid (2000, pp. 5-6)
Seal (1997, p. 35)
Sherman (1994, chap. 7)
Sullivan (1983, chaps. 1 & 2)
Swales & Feak (1994, chap. 1)
Turley (2000, chap. 6)
Turner (2002, pp. 112-129)
White & McGovern (1994)
Zobel (2004, pp. 7-58)
6.7. Accuracy: Revising & proof-reading
Bailey (2006, pp. 60-64, 119-184)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 90-97, 175-245)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 86-93, 173-176)
Boyle & Ramsay (2017, chap, 14)
Clanchy & Ballard (1992, chaps. 6 & 7)
Cottrell (1999, 162)
Day (1989, chap. 18)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, ch. 15)
Godfrey (2009, pp. 87-105)
Godfrey (2011, pp. 97-113)
Heaton & Dunmore (1992, chap. 8-9)
Huckin & Olsen (1991, chap. 7, 28, app. B)
Jordan (1990, pp. 93-103)
Jordan (1999, chap. 18)
Leki (1998, chaps. 8 & 9, app. B)
Lewis & Inglis (1982, chap. 7)
Lillis (1997, pp. 69-71)
McArthur (1984a, pp. 28, 41, 54, 66)
Menasche (1997, chap. 13, 14, 15)
Meyers (2005, chap. 3)
Northedge (1990, pp. 166-173)
Wallace (1980, pp. 164-170)
Wallace (2004, pp. 112-116)
Waters & Waters (1995, pp. 111-116)
White & McGovern (1994)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 9-10, 21-24)
Zobel (2004, pp. 129-136)
6.8. The writing process
Bailey (2006, p. 1)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 3-4, 166-172)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 3-4, 162-166)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, chs. 2 & 3)
Godfrey (2011, pp. 97-113)
Meyers (2005, chap. 1)
Hamp-Lyons & Heasley (2006, chap 1)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, chap. 1)
Pallant (2004, pp. 7-10, 17-18)
McCormack & Slaght (2005, pp. 5-11)
Trzeciak & Mackay (1994)
White & McGovern (1994, chap. 1)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 2-4)
7. Answering assignment and exam questions
7.0. Introduction
Blass (2009)
Clanchy & Ballard (1992, chap. 10)
Harman & Freeman (1972, chap. 6)
Heaton & Dunmore (1992, chap. 14)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, ch. 2)
Howe (1983)
Leki (1998, chap. 15)
Moor, C. (1981)
Northedge (1990, chap.7)
Pallant (2004, pp. 27-31)
Raimes (1999, part 1)
Wallace (2004, pp. 104-112)
Waters & Waters, 1995, chap. 11)
Yorkey (1982, chap. 9)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 88-94)
7.1. Understanding the question
Bailey (2006, pp. 9-12)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 37-38)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 31-36)
Coles (1995, pp. 16-21)
Cottrell (1999, pp. 142-143)
Creme & Lea (1997, chap. 4)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 14-20)
Godfrey (2010, pp. 13-17)
Howe (1983, pp. 21-24)
Jordan (1980, app. 10)
Jordan (1999, chap. 19)
Leki (1998, pp. 267-270)
Lewis (1983 pp. 21-30)
Lillis (1997, pp. 56-58, 197-198).
Moor, C. (1981, chap. 2)
Pallant (2004, pp. 23-25, 30-31)
Pirie (1985, chap. 1)
Reid (1994, pp. 257-258)
Smith & Smith, (1988, chap. 8.3)
Turner (2002, pp. 64-67)
Wallace (1980, pp. 132 & 154)
Williams, R. (1982)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 88-90)
7.2. Planning the answer
Bailey (2006, pp. 9-12, 39-42, 48-51)
Bailey (2011a, pp. 38-42)
Bailey (2011b, pp. 31-36)
Coles (1995, pp. 31-41)
Cottrell (1999, pp. 145-147)
Clanchy & Ballard (1992, chap. 5)
Creme & Lea (1997, chap. 4)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, pp. 14-20)
Leki (1998, unit 2, pp. 271-272)
Lillis (1997, pp. 59-66, 199-209).
Pirie (1985, chap. 3)
Howe (1983, pp. 31-33)
Oshima & Hogue (1991, chap. 8)
Oshima & Hogue (1997, unit 6)
Reid (1994, p. 260)
Reid (2000, chaps. 8 2 & 3, pp. 176-177, 184-189, 210-212, 233-237, 251-253)
Romanoff (1991, unit 3)
Turner (2002, pp. 68-79)
Williams, R. (1982)
Zemach & Rumisek (2005, pp. 90-94)
7.3. The answer
Cottrell (1999, pp. 224-225)
Gillett, Hammond & Martala (2009, p. 27)
Howe (1983, pp. 34-36)
Turley (2000, chap. 10)
Williams, R.(1982)
7.4. Evaluating the answer
Howe (1983, chap. 5)
