Banking in Singapore
As one of the world's centres and a giant, Singapore has an internationally banking . Central banking are exercised by the Monetary of Singapore, though of is by a separate government body. The commercial banking industry in Singapore of some 13 local banks and is by the leading houses. The Post Office Savings Bank serves as the national savings bank. There are also numerous merchant banks. Singapore is also host to numerous foreign banks, divided according to the type of they are : full, , or "offshore". The Singaporean government operates a compulsory savings for employees, the Central Provident . Singapore's banking industry continues to grow and with the development of the nation's .

Banking in Hong Kong
Nominally under British jurisdiction and banking law until 1997, Hong Kong is important as a banking centre in to its position as one of Asia's axes. The Office of the of Banking supervises banking in Hong Kong, in conjunction with the Hong Kong Monetary ( 1993). There are three banks of in the dependency: the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, the Standard Chartered Bank, and the Bank of China. Numerous locally commercial banks operate alongside branches of foreign banks; there are also many banks operating under and numerous deposit-taking companies.

Banking in India
The central bank of India is the Reserve Bank: most large commercial banks were nationalised in 1969, with more being nationalised in 1980. The Department of Banking at the of controls all banking. The State Bank of India, the largest commercial bank, handles some of the Reserve Bank's . The other nationalised banks share the commercial market with nonnationalised and foreign banks. Some of them offer merchant banking services, though there are no independent merchant banks in India. and societies are an important to the private banking industry, especially in rural . It remains to be seen whether India's of will spread to the banking .

Banking in Developing Countries
The type of national system that characterises developing countries plays a in determining the nature of the banking system. In capitalist countries a system of private enterprise in banking prevails; in a number of socialist countries (for example, Egypt and Sudan) all banks have been nationalised. Other countries have patterned themselves after the socialism of Europe; in Peru and Kenya, for , government-owned and privately owned banks coexist. In many countries, the banking system developed under colonialism, with banks owned by in the parent country. In some, such as Zambia and Cameroon, this heritage continued, although , after decolonisation. In other nations, such as Nigeria and Saudi Arabia, the rise of nationalism led to mandates for ownership by the indigenous population.

Banks in developing countries are to their counterparts in developed nations. Commercial banks accept and deposits and are active lenders, especially for short-term purposes. Other intermediaries, particularly government-owned development banks, arrange long-term loans. Banks are often used to government expenditures. The banking system may also play a in .

In the poorer countries, an extensive but primitive nonmonetary usually continues to exist. It is the special of the banking to encourage the use of money and instil banking habits among the population.

of Central Banking
The foremost monetary in a free market is the central bank. These are usually government-owned , but even in countries where they are owned by the nation's banks (such as the United States and Italy), the responsibility of the central bank is to the national interest.

Most central banks perform the following : they serve as the government's banker, act as the banker of the banking system, the monetary system for both and international , and the nation's . As banker to the government, the central bank collects and disburses government and receipts, manages the and redemption of government debt, advises the government on all matters pertaining to activities, and makes loans to the government. As banker to the nation's banks, the central bank holds and banks' deposits, supervises their operations, acts as a lender of last resort, and provides and advisory services. Monetary for both and foreign purposes is and, in many countries, decided by the national banking , using a variety of direct and indirect controls over the institutions. Coins and notes that circulate as the national are usually the liability of the central bank.

The ability of the central bank to control the money supply and thus the pace of growth is responsible for a . Some believe that monetary control is extremely effective in the short run and can be used to influence activity. , some hold that monetary should not be used because, in the long run, central banks have been unable to control the effectively. Another group of believes that the short-term of monetary control is less powerful, but that the central banking can play a useful in mitigating the excesses of inflation and . A newer school of claims that monetary cannot systematically the pace of national activity. All agree that problems related to the supply side of the , such as fuel shortages, cannot be by central-bank action.

International Banking
The of trade in recent has been by the growth of multinational banking. Banks have historically international trade, but the notable recent development has been the of branches and subsidiaries that are in other countries, as well as the increased of loans to borrowers internationally. For example, in 1960 only eight US banks had foreign offices; by 1987, 153 US banks had a total of 902 foreign branches. , in 1973, fewer than 90 foreign banks had offices in the United States; by 1987, 266 foreign banks operated 664 offices in the United States. Most are business- banks, but some have also engaged in retail banking.

The growth of the Eurodollar market has forced banks to operate branches worldwide. The world's banking system played a key in the recycling of petrodollars, arising from the surpluses of the oil-exporting countries and the deficits of the oil-importing nations. This activity, while it smoothed international arrangements, is currently proving awkward as foreign debtors find it more difficult to repay outstanding loans.